When trekking in remote areas, a satellite communicator becomes a vital safety tool for emergencies hiking. The Garmin inReach Mini 3 stands out as the best overall due to its compact size and reliable global coverage. For those prioritizing rugged durability, the Garmin inReach Mini 3 Rugged offers extra protection and a color touchscreen for ease of use. The ZOLEO Satellite Communicator provides seamless connectivity with a focus on message versatility. Keep reading to explore these options and find the best fit for your outdoor safety needs, balancing factors like durability, functionality, and ease of use.
Key Takeaways
- Top-ranked products combine compact size with reliable global coverage, crucial for emergency situations in remote terrains.
- Durability and ruggedness are key differentiators, especially for harsh outdoor environments.
- User interface features like color touchscreens significantly improve usability during emergencies.
- Bundles with accessories can add value but often come at higher prices, so consider your specific needs carefully.
- Battery life varies widely; longer-lasting options are better suited for multi-day excursions without charging opportunities.
| Garmin inReach Mini 3 Satellite Communicator |  | Best Overall for Reliable Global Connectivity | Connectivity: Iridium satellite network | Battery Life: Up to 350 hours with 10-minute tracking | Water Resistance: IP67-rated | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Garmin inReach Mini 3 Rugged Compact Global Satellite Communicator with Color Touchscreen, Two-Way Texting, Emergency SOS Messaging – Bundle with Lanyard, Strap & LED Lantern |  | Best for Versatile Outdoor Activities | Compatible Devices: Smartphone | Screen Size: 1.9 inches | Display Type: Sunlight-readable, transflective color MIP | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Garmin inReach Mini 3 Plus Satellite Communicator Bundle with Deco Essentials Accessories |  | Best for Extended Remote Expeditions with Accessories | Compatible with Vehicle Type: Car, SUV, Truck | Screen Size: 1.9 inches | Additional Features: Text, photos, voice messages, SOS | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Garmin inReach Mini 3 Plus Satellite Communicator Bundle |  | Best for Dependable Multi-Function Communication | Includes: Satellite, microfiber cloth, USB cable, wall charger | Connectivity: Iridium Satellite Network | Display: Color touchscreen, scratch-resistant | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Garmin inReach® Mini 2 Satellite Communicator |  | Best Lightweight Compact Model for Basic Needs | Connectivity: Satellite | Battery Life: Up to 14 days in tracking mode | Color: Black | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Garmin inReach Mini 2 Satellite Communicator with Accessories Bundle |  | Best Overall for Versatile Remote Communication | Global Satellite Coverage: Yes | Connectivity Technology: Bluetooth | Display Size: 0.9 inches | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| ZOLEO Satellite Communicator (Slate Grey) |  | Best Value for Long-Lasting Global Messaging | Connectivity: Iridium satellite, cellular, Wi-Fi | Battery Life: Over 200 hours | Durability: IP68-rated | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| ZOLEO Satellite Communicator (Limestone) |  | Best for Multi-Mode Connectivity and Extended Use | Connectivity: Satellite, Cellular, Wi-Fi | Battery Life: 200+ hours in tracking mode | Charging: USB-C | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Garmin inReach Mini 2 Satellite Communicator (Flame Red) Bundle |  | Best for Compact, All-in-One Outdoor Communication | Size: 4″ x 2″ | Weight: 3.5 oz | Battery Life: Up to 14 days | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Garmin inReach® Mini 2 Satellite Communicator |  | Best for Versatile Navigation and Emergency in Compact Form | Water Resistance: Yes | Battery Life: Up to 14 days | Special Feature: Bluetooth | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| satellite communicator for emergencies hiking | Battery Life | Connectivity |
|---|---|---|
| Garmin inReach Mini 3 Satellit | Up to 350 hours with 10-minute tracking | Iridium satellite network |
| Garmin inReach Mini 3 Rugged C | Up to 350 hours | — |
| Garmin inReach Mini 3 Plus Sat | — | — |
| Garmin inReach Mini 3 Plus Sat | Up to 350 hours in tracking mode | Iridium Satellite Network |
| Garmin inReach® Mini 2 Satelli | Up to 14 days in tracking mode | Satellite |
| Garmin inReach Mini 2 Satellit | 336 hours | — |
| ZOLEO Satellite Communicator | Over 200 hours | Iridium satellite, cellular, Wi-Fi |
| ZOLEO Satellite Communicator | 200+ hours in tracking mode | Satellite, Cellular, Wi-Fi |
| Garmin inReach Mini 2 Satellit | Up to 14 days | Iridium satellite |
| Garmin inReach® Mini 2 Satelli | Up to 14 days | — |
More Details on Our Top Picks
Garmin inReach Mini 3 Satellite Communicator
The Garmin inReach Mini 3 stands out for combining rugged durability with dependable satellite communication across the globe, making it a clear choice for serious outdoor adventurers. Its compatibility with the Iridium network ensures reliable messaging in the most remote locations, outperforming devices like the inReach Mini 2 in terms of durability and battery capacity. However, its higher price and dependence on a smartphone for full functionality could be a barrier for casual users or those seeking a standalone device. The long battery life of up to 350 hours and IP67-rated water resistance make it suited for extended expeditions in harsh conditions, with the interactive SOS feature adding a critical safety layer.
Pros:- Reliable global satellite communication via Iridium network
- Rugged and waterproof design suitable for harsh environments
- Long battery life supports multi-day trips
- Interactive SOS for emergency response
Cons:- Requires a compatible smartphone for full features
- Higher price point may deter casual users
- Limited to satellite, no cellular connectivity
Best for: Backcountry hikers and remote explorers who prioritize durability and global coverage.
Not ideal for: Casual day-hikers or budget-conscious users who need a simpler or less expensive device.
- Connectivity:Iridium satellite network
- Battery Life:Up to 350 hours with 10-minute tracking
- Water Resistance:IP67-rated
- Display:Scratch-resistant color touchscreen
- Included Accessories:Cleaning cloth, P-Bank battery, USB cables, chargers
Our verdict“This device is ideal for serious hikers needing dependable, rugged communication in the most remote areas.”
Garmin inReach Mini 3 Rugged Compact Global Satellite Communicator with Color Touchscreen, Two-Way Texting, Emergency SOS Messaging – Bundle with Lanyard, Strap & LED Lantern
This version of the Garmin inReach Mini 3 emphasizes versatility with a bright 1.9-inch color touchscreen and a comprehensive outdoor bundle, making it suitable for multi-sport use. Compared to the basic Mini 3, this model offers better navigation and user interface, especially with its sunlight-readable display—crucial in bright outdoor conditions. However, the higher price point and the need for a smartphone app to access full features may limit appeal for those seeking a straightforward device. Its rugged design and 350-hour battery life make it well-suited for extended adventures, while the included accessories add convenience for varied outdoor activities.
Pros:- Bright, easy-to-read color touchscreen
- Long-lasting 350-hour battery
- Rugged design with comprehensive outdoor bundle
- Global coverage via Iridium for off-grid messaging
Cons:- Higher cost compared to basic models
- Limited North America map coverage without updates
- Requires pairing with a smartphone for full functionality
Best for: Outdoor enthusiasts who want a multi-function device for hiking, boating, and camping with added accessories.
Not ideal for: Minimalists or casual users who prefer a simple, no-frills communication device without accessories.
- Compatible Devices:Smartphone
- Screen Size:1.9 inches
- Display Type:Sunlight-readable, transflective color MIP
- Battery Life:Up to 350 hours
- Connectivity Technology:Bluetooth
- Map Types:North America
Our verdict“This device suits active outdoor users looking for a feature-rich, rugged satellite communicator with accessories included.”
Garmin inReach Mini 3 Plus Satellite Communicator Bundle with Deco Essentials Accessories
The Garmin inReach Mini 3 Plus Bundle offers a compact, rugged device with advanced messaging, GPS tracking, and SOS features, perfect for those venturing far from cell coverage. Its inclusion of essential accessories like a braided Type-C cable, lantern, and outdoor guide enhances preparedness, making it ideal for serious backpackers and travelers in remote areas. While its global coverage and 350-hour battery support extended trips, the need for a satellite subscription and its higher price tag could be drawbacks for casual users or occasional hikers. The device’s robust design and comprehensive features make it a dependable safety tool for off-grid adventures.
Pros:- Compact, rugged, and outdoor-ready design
- Supports off-grid messaging, photos, and voice
- Includes essential accessories for remote use
- Global satellite coverage with long battery life
Cons:- Requires a subscription for satellite messaging
- Higher price point
- Limited screen size for detailed navigation
Best for: Backpackers and travelers requiring a complete remote communication setup with accessories included.
Not ideal for: Light day-hikers or casual outdoor users who do not need a comprehensive bundle or extended battery life.
- Compatible with Vehicle Type:Car, SUV, Truck
- Screen Size:1.9 inches
- Additional Features:Text, photos, voice messages, SOS
- Battery Average Life:350 hours
- Connectivity Technology:Bluetooth, USB
- Map Types:North America
Our verdict“This bundle is ideal for serious remote travelers who want a full set of accessories for extended expeditions.”
Garmin inReach Mini 3 Plus Satellite Communicator Bundle
The Garmin inReach Mini 3 Plus Bundle combines a rugged, compact satellite communicator with support for text, voice, and photo sharing via the Iridium network. Its inclusion of weather reports and route planning tools enhances navigation and safety on long trips. Compared to the Mini 3 alone, this bundle offers a more complete outdoor package that supports both communication and navigation. The device’s impact-resistant, IP67-rated design makes it suitable for demanding environments, though its reliance on a satellite subscription and higher price point can be limiting for casual users. Its long battery life and comprehensive features make it a versatile choice for remote expeditions.
Pros:- Reliable Iridium satellite communication
- Rugged, impact-resistant design
- Supports voice, photo, and message sharing
- Includes weather and routing features
Cons:- Requires subscription for full service
- Higher price compared to basic models
- Limited screen size for detailed navigation
Best for: Field professionals and serious hikers seeking a durable, multifunction satellite device with navigation support.
Not ideal for: Casual hikers or those on a tight budget who only need basic messaging features.
- Includes:Satellite, microfiber cloth, USB cable, wall charger
- Connectivity:Iridium Satellite Network
- Display:Color touchscreen, scratch-resistant
- Battery Life:Up to 350 hours in tracking mode
- Weather & Navigation:Weather reports, route planning, LiveTrack
- Emergency Support:Interactive SOS
Our verdict“This bundle is tailored for professional or dedicated outdoor users who need advanced communication and navigation tools in remote areas.”
Garmin inReach® Mini 2 Satellite Communicator
The Garmin inReach® Mini 2 offers a lightweight, highly portable solution for two-way messaging and emergency SOS across the globe. Its 14-day battery life in tracking mode surpasses many competitors, making it suitable for multi-day trips. Compared with the Mini 3 variants, it has a simpler interface and fewer bells and whistles, which could appeal to users prioritizing simplicity and portability. However, an active satellite subscription is necessary for full functionality, and some jurisdictions regulate satellite device use, which might limit accessibility. Its straightforward design makes it a practical choice for casual hikers who want reliable safety features without extra complexity.
Pros:- Extremely compact and lightweight
- Long battery life of up to 14 days
- Global coverage with interactive SOS
- Simple, user-friendly interface
Cons:- Requires active subscription for full features
- Limited features compared to newer models
- Some jurisdictions may restrict satellite device use
Best for: Lightweight hikers and backpackers needing a simple, reliable satellite device for safety and basic communication.
Not ideal for: Users seeking advanced features like photos or detailed navigation, or those unwilling to pay ongoing subscription fees.
- Connectivity:Satellite
- Battery Life:Up to 14 days in tracking mode
- Color:Black
- Features:Two-way messaging, interactive SOS, GPS
- MapShare:Supported
Our verdict“This device suits casual hikers needing a straightforward, portable safety tool for extended trips.”
Garmin inReach Mini 2 Satellite Communicator with Accessories Bundle
The Garmin inReach Mini 2 stands out for its combination of global coverage, ruggedness, and extended battery life, making it the top choice for serious outdoor enthusiasts. Compared to the ZOLEO Slate Grey, it offers more comprehensive navigation tools and a more durable build, though at a higher price. Its long-lasting battery and IPX7 water resistance ensure reliable operation in remote environments. The included accessories add value, but the device’s small display limits detailed mapping, which could be a drawback for some users. Since it requires a subscription, ongoing costs are a consideration. Overall, this model is best suited for those who need dependable, all-in-one communication and navigation in extreme conditions.
Pros:- Global satellite coverage for reliable communication anywhere
- Rugged, water-resistant, MIL-STD-810 durability
- Long battery life supporting extended excursions
- Includes useful accessories for outdoor use
Cons:- Requires a paid subscription for satellite service
- Limited display size hampers detailed mapping
- Higher cost compared to basic models
Best for: Backcountry hikers and trekkers who prioritize reliable global coverage and rugged durability.
Not ideal for: Casual hikers or weekend campers who prefer simpler devices without ongoing subscription fees.
- Global Satellite Coverage:Yes
- Connectivity Technology:Bluetooth
- Display Size:0.9 inches
- Battery Life:336 hours
- Item Dimensions:3.9″L x 8″W x 2.04″H
- Item Weight:1.1 pounds
- Water Resistance:IPX7
- Supported Map Types:North America
Our verdict“This device is ideal for serious adventurers needing dependable coverage and navigation in remote locations.”
ZOLEO Satellite Communicator (Slate Grey)
The ZOLEO Satellite Communicator offers a compelling balance of affordability, durability, and extended battery life, making it a smart pick for those who want reliable messaging in remote areas. Unlike the Garmin inReach Mini 2, it supports multiple connectivity options (cell, Wi-Fi, satellite), broadening its use cases. Its IP68 rating means it withstands tough weather and water conditions, while over 200 hours of battery life means you can stay connected on multi-day trips. The subscription plans are affordable starting at $20/month, but full functionality depends on ongoing service costs, which might add up over time. This makes it especially suitable for travelers who need a versatile communication device without the premium price tag.
Pros:- Global satellite messaging with dependable coverage
- Long battery life over 200 hours
- Rugged, IP68-rated durability for outdoor environments
- Affordable monthly service plans
Cons:- Requires ongoing subscription for full features
- Limited to satellite messaging without built-in detailed mapping
- Additional costs for travel risk coverage
Best for: Budget-conscious outdoor enthusiasts seeking reliable satellite messaging with extended battery life.
Not ideal for: Users who require detailed navigation or topographical maps, as this device focuses mainly on messaging and GPS sharing.
- Connectivity:Iridium satellite, cellular, Wi-Fi
- Battery Life:Over 200 hours
- Durability:IP68-rated
- Messages:Supports up to 900 characters
- Service Plans:Starting from $20/month
- Additional Features:GPS sharing, weather, device sharing
Our verdict“This device suits outdoor adventurers who prioritize long-lasting messaging and durability at a reasonable price point.”
ZOLEO Satellite Communicator (Limestone)
The ZOLEO Limestone excels for travelers who need multi-platform connectivity—satellite, cellular, or Wi-Fi—plus instant SOS and GPS sharing. Compared with the Slate Grey model, it offers similar durability and features but emphasizes more seamless pairing with smartphones and shareable waypoints. Its rugged IP68 design and USB-C charging support extended outdoor use, while the 200+ hours of battery life keep it functional through multi-day adventures. However, users should be prepared for ongoing subscription costs, and some features might be complex for casual users unfamiliar with tech setups. This pick makes sense for experienced explorers wanting versatile, reliable communication in remote settings.
Pros:- Supports satellite, cellular, and Wi-Fi connectivity
- Rugged IP68-rated design for tough conditions
- Extended battery life over 200 hours
- Instant SOS and 24/7 emergency monitoring
Cons:- Requires ongoing subscription for full service
- Some features may be complex for casual users
- Full functionality depends on smartphone pairing
Best for: Experienced hikers and travelers who need multi-network connectivity and extensive emergency features.
Not ideal for: Casual weekend hikers or those seeking a simple, no-fuss device, due to the device’s feature set and subscription requirements.
- Connectivity:Satellite, Cellular, Wi-Fi
- Battery Life:200+ hours in tracking mode
- Charging:USB-C
- Durability:IP68-rated
- Emergency Features:Instant SOS, Medical Assist, 24/7 monitoring
- Additional:GPS sharing, waypoints, weather
Our verdict“Ideal for experienced outdoor users seeking versatile, multi-network communication and reliable emergency support.”
Garmin inReach Mini 2 Satellite Communicator (Flame Red) Bundle
The Garmin inReach Mini 2 Flame Red combines portability with essential features for remote communication, making it perfect for those who need a lightweight device that’s easy to carry. Compared with the Garmin inReach Mini 2 with Accessories Bundle, this version focuses on core functions without the extras, which might appeal to minimalists. Its small size and rugged MIL-STD-810 resistance make it suitable for quick access during outdoor activities. Battery life supports up to 14 days in default mode, but this decreases with frequent use. The device’s limited display restricts detailed mapping, so it’s better suited for emergency and basic communication rather than navigation-heavy trips.
Pros:- Compact, lightweight, easy to carry
- Global Iridium satellite coverage
- Interactive SOS and two-way messaging
- Rugged MIL-STD-810 resistance
Cons:- Requires subscription for satellite service
- Limited display for detailed navigation
- Battery life varies with usage intensity
Best for: Lightweight hikers and backpackers needing reliable emergency communication without bulk.
Not ideal for: Hikers needing detailed maps and navigation features or those who prefer larger screens for planning.
- Size:4″ x 2″
- Weight:3.5 oz
- Battery Life:Up to 14 days
- Water Resistance:IPX7
- Drop Resistance:MIL-STD-810
- Connectivity:Iridium satellite
Our verdict“Best for ultralight hikers who want dependable emergency communication without extra bulk.”
Garmin inReach® Mini 2 Satellite Communicator
The Garmin inReach® Mini 2 offers a highly portable option for those who want two-way messaging, interactive SOS, and GPS sharing in a small package. Compared to the Garmin inReach Mini 2 Flame Red Bundle, it emphasizes core features with minimal accessories, making it suitable for users who prefer a straightforward device. Its Bluetooth capability allows easy pairing with Garmin devices and smartphones, expanding its functionality. The device’s IPX7 water resistance and MIL-STD-810 durability make it suitable for rugged environments. However, it still relies on subscription plans, and its small screen limits detailed map viewing, so it’s best suited for emergency communication and basic navigation rather than extensive map use.
Pros:- Compact, lightweight, easy to carry
- Global satellite coverage with Iridium
- Water-resistant and durable
- Syncs with Garmin Explore app for planning
Cons:- Requires subscription for satellite use
- Limited screen for detailed navigation
- Battery life depends on usage patterns
Best for: Hikers and outdoor adventurers who want a lightweight, reliable communication device with basic navigation features.
Not ideal for: Those needing detailed topographical maps or extensive onboard navigation capabilities.
- Water Resistance:Yes
- Battery Life:Up to 14 days
- Special Feature:Bluetooth
Our verdict“Ideal for users seeking a small, reliable device for emergency communication and basic navigation on the trail.”
How We Picked
We evaluated the satellite communicators based on several key factors that matter most for emergency hiking. Performance reliability, especially in remote areas, was prioritized to ensure consistent connectivity. Usability, including interface design and ease of operation, was essential for quick response during emergencies. Durability and build quality mattered for rugged outdoor conditions, while battery life was crucial for extended trips. Value was also considered, balancing features against cost. Products were ranked by how well they met these criteria, with a focus on those offering the best safety and usability for hikers venturing into remote landscapes.| satellite communicator for emergencies hiking | Connectivity |
|---|---|
| Garmin inReach Mini 3 Satellit | Iridium satellite network |
| Garmin inReach Mini 3 Rugged C | — |
| Garmin inReach Mini 3 Plus Sat | — |
| Garmin inReach Mini 3 Plus Sat | Iridium Satellite Network |
| Garmin inReach® Mini 2 Satelli | Satellite |
| Garmin inReach Mini 2 Satellit | — |
| ZOLEO Satellite Communicator | Iridium satellite, cellular, Wi-Fi |
| ZOLEO Satellite Communicator | Satellite, Cellular, Wi-Fi |
| Garmin inReach Mini 2 Satellit | Iridium satellite |
| Garmin inReach® Mini 2 Satelli | — |
Factors to Consider When Choosing Satellite Communicator For Emergencies Hiking
Choosing the right satellite communicator for emergencies hiking involves balancing several factors. It’s important to consider device durability, coverage, ease of use, and battery life, as well as how accessories impact overall value. Knowing what features truly enhance safety and practicality can save time and money, helping you avoid common pitfalls like overpaying for unnecessary features or selecting fragile devices ill-suited for rugged environments.Coverage and Connectivity
Ensuring your device offers reliable global coverage is fundamental for emergency situations. Devices that use multiple satellite networks, such as Iridium, provide near-global reach, reducing blind spots. Consider whether your hiking routes include remote regions where cellular service is unavailable. Devices with emergency SOS capabilities are essential, but verify how they operate—some require subscriptions or specific activation steps. A mismatch between coverage needs and device capabilities can leave you unprotected when it matters most.
Durability and Ruggedness
Hiking in unpredictable weather or rough terrain demands a device with a rugged build. Look for models rated IP68 or higher for water and dust resistance. Rubberized exteriors and reinforced casings help withstand drops and impacts. Cheaper, less durable options may save money upfront but can fail when exposed to the elements. Investing in ruggedness ensures your device remains functional during long trips or adverse conditions, making it worth the extra cost for serious hikers.
Ease of Use and Interface
During an emergency, quick, intuitive operation is non-negotiable. Devices with simple button layouts, clear displays, and minimal setup time are preferable. Touchscreens can enhance usability but may be harder to operate with gloves or in poor lighting. Some models include preset messages or emergency contacts to speed up communication. Avoid overly complex interfaces that could delay critical responses when seconds count.
Battery Life and Power Options
Long-lasting battery life is critical for multi-day hikes where charging options are limited. Look for devices with at least several days of active use on a single charge, or those with replaceable batteries. Power-saving modes can extend use, but beware of devices that require frequent recharging, which can be impractical in remote settings. Consider carrying portable chargers or solar panels as supplementary power sources for extended trips.
Cost, Subscriptions, and Accessories
While some devices are affordable upfront, they often require ongoing subscription plans for satellite service, which can add up over time. Evaluate whether the subscription costs align with your usage frequency and trip length. Bundles that include accessories like lanyards, cases, or chargers can add convenience but may increase the total price. Balance cost against the features and reliability needed for peace of mind in emergencies.
Frequently Asked Questions
Do I really need a satellite communicator for hiking in remote areas?
Absolutely. When hiking in areas without cellular coverage, a satellite communicator can be a lifesaver by enabling emergency SOS calls, location sharing, and two-way messaging. It provides reassurance that help can be summoned regardless of terrain or distance from service networks. For serious remote trips, the safety benefits far outweigh the cost, especially when considering the potential consequences of being unreachable in an emergency.
How do subscription plans impact the overall cost of a satellite communicator?
Subscription plans are usually necessary for ongoing satellite service, and they can significantly increase the total cost over time. Some devices come with free initial plans or pay-as-you-go options, while others require monthly or annual subscriptions. It’s important to factor these costs into your budget, especially if you plan frequent or long trips. Choosing a device with flexible or lower-cost plans can help manage expenses without sacrificing safety.
Can I use a satellite communicator in extreme weather conditions?
Most quality satellite communicators are designed to withstand harsh weather, but verify specific ratings like IP68 or MIL-STD-810 for ruggedness and water resistance. Extreme cold, heat, or moisture can affect device performance, so consider models with proven durability and weatherproofing features. Proper protective cases and maintenance also help ensure reliable operation in severe conditions.
Is it better to choose a device with a touchscreen or physical buttons?
Touchscreens offer a user-friendly interface and quick navigation, but they may be harder to operate with gloves or in low-light conditions. Physical buttons tend to be more reliable in challenging environments, allowing for easier emergency activation without fumbling. Depending on your hiking environment and personal preference, selecting a device with the right interface will improve your ability to respond swiftly in emergencies.
How important is battery life when selecting a satellite communicator?
Battery life is a critical factor since many hikes last multiple days without access to charging. Devices with longer battery life reduce the risk of losing connection when you need it most. Look for models with at least several days of active use, and consider carrying portable chargers or solar panels as backup options. A device with poor battery life can leave you unprotected when it’s needed most, especially on extended adventures.
